Hi Herve and welcome to our forum!
You should still be able to get the ID for the item since that's part of the default SharePoint properties and it is independent of a modified default list. However, the 50 elements is more of an issue. This is something that you cannot workaround. Indeed, you have discovered the main limitation of the SharePoint list adapter in InfoPath - it only gets from the default list! My suggestion would be to not customize the default list and keep the count high enough to return all elements. Add a "landing page" with buttons so that people click to navigate to a specific view (without relying on the default view for initial navigation).
To set it up, no code is needed. Just go to Tools->Data Connections in the InfoPath Designer and add a Retrieve data connection bound to a SharePoint list adapter. Specify the site and the form library. Make sure you select the ID from the list of fields. You can then use this ID in your InfoPath form to determine the order of addition for the elements.
Good luck!
Patrick Halstead [InfoPath MVP]
InfoPathDev
Patrick Halstead
Project Manager at Qdabra