Hi, we get a similar problem. We have created forms with a SQL Main Data Connection but also submit the forms to a sharepoint site. Due to an employee change recently we had to alter some of the data on the submitted forms so we did this using a SQL query rather than changing each form individual and on first glance when opening the form it seems to work but caused the error you described when trying to resubmit the existing forms after editing. To resolve the problem, we can edit the forms xml file in notepad so that the data matches that in SQL server and the form then works again, but this then becomes a big job and we're back to modifying them individually again. A similar thing could be happening to you.
We were under the mistaken impression that creating a SQL main data connection would be just that, but it seems to use the XML file posted to sharepoint for more than just identifying the main SQL record. If anyone has any suggestions, then they would be appreciated.
Many thanks
Tom