This problem existsin InfoPath and SharePoint 2010. The basic problem is that when trying to add additional promoted fields to the SharePoint form library, they won't 'stick'. They appear briefly and then it looks like SharePoint reverts to a previous version of the library where they don't exist.
Here's what happens:
1. I re-publish an existing form to a SharePoint form library and promote a couple of new fields.
2. In SharePoint I open the form library's settings. The promoted fields will show in the available columns. so far so good!
3. I now go back and try to open one of the forms. I receive an error that this form can only be opened in InfoPath Filler.
4. Now I try to modify any view of the form library. The promoted fields/columns will be missing.
5. I go back in to the Form Library settings and my promoted fields have disappeared.
Two other factors that may contribute:
In my case there were two xsn templates for the same form. Both seem to update simultaneously no matter which one I open in InfoPath.
Here's another weirdness that I see has already been discussed in other posts:
Although the promoted fields are initially listed in the form library views the values for these new fields are blank. However, if you click on a specific form (whether it opens or even if you just get the error msg) the values will get filled in once you go back to the list view.
Publishing the form first to Template.xsn and then closing InfoPath and then opening it again' and republishing a second time or third time eventually cleared the error and made the promoted fields appear.
Basically, at this point the promoted fields are there but only temporarily. Various actions will now cause them to disappear. Like viewing the properties of a specific Form list entry or viewing the form library in Quickview.
I can even modify a view to have the new promoted fields but it only holds until I try and access a form and then all the promoted fields are lost.
Along with this is the very frustrating loss of workflow variables for the this form library which must be re-entered every time I republish the form in InfoPath.
So there's 3 basic problems that make my library unuseable:
1. Promoted fields don't hold but disappear
2. Even if the promoted fields show up, their values don't get filled in, in any of the views unless you 'touch' an entry
3. SharePoint Workflows based on this form library lose values after InfoPath form is republished
It would all be very nice if it worked, unfortunately It doesn't.
Mark