There might be several ways to do that.... see attached sample form.
Solution 1: if you can have output in different field, this is most common style -- Create another field, say 'reformatted', and set its default value as concat("A", UserInput, "C01")
Solution 2: if it is essential to use the same field and overwrite it, I'd set a rule at the timing of Submit. also added a status field, so that updated fields will not be applied the concatenation again..